Look Again 【再看一眼】mobi(Look Again 万维钢 pdf 目录)

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foundourselvesinsuchcircumstances,wouldweslidedowntheslipperyslopey?TofndoubsheandhercolleaguesPutonehundredhonestcitizensatthetopofaslipperyhilandgavethemasmallshove.TheyinvitedthoseonehundredpeopletoparticipateinpairsinastudythatwasconductedinTalpslabincentralLondon.3OneofthesePairswereLeanoraandRina.UponatrivalthewomenweregreetedbyNeiltheleadresearcher.Heexplainedthatduringtheexperimenttheywouldobserveaseriesofjarspartially旨ljedwithcoins.Theirtaskwastoguesshowmuchmoneywasineachjar.Leanorawastocompletethetaskinabrain-imagingscanner,whileRinawastocompletethetaskinanadjacentroom，Therewasasmalltwist:Leanorawouldbeshownlargeimagesofthejarsonherscreen，whileRinawouldbeshownSmallfuzzyimagesonhers.LeanorawouldthusneedtoadviseRinaonhowmuchmoneywasineachjarbycommunicatingviaWi-Fi.RinawouldthenconveyherguesstoNeilandthemoreaccurateshewas,themoremoneyRinaandLeanorabothwouldreceive.NeilleftRinainthetestingroomandtookLeanoradowntotheMRIScannerandtoldherofyetanothertwist.“Rinadoesnotknowthis,”hewhispered，“butwhileshewillbepaidthemost计sheguessesthecorrectamountinthejar，you一Leanora一w训bepaidthemost寺Rinaoverestimatestheamountofmoneyinthejar.”NeildidnotinstructLeanoratojie,butinthissituationjyingwouldbenefitherftnanciallyattheexpen

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seofRina.Leanoranovwhadaconflictofinterest:hertaskwastoadviseRinatothebestofherabilitybutLeanorawouldearnmoremoney计ShejliedtoRina.Ihesituationislikethatofarealestateagentrepresentingabuyer.Theagentstaskistogetthebuyerthebestdealpossible.Yetthemoretheclientpaysforthehome,themoremoneytheagentw计pocket(asagentsreceiveapercentageofthesalePrice).WhatdidLeanorado，LikemostvolunteersinourStudyshestartedofbylying,butbyonlysmallamounts一afewpencehereandthere.Butastheexperimentprogressed,sheliedbygreaterandgreateramounts.Bytheendofthestudyshewashugelyoverestimatingthenumberofcoinsintheglassjars.Wewondered让Leanorawasinfactjyingorwasinnocentlymisestimatingthenumberofcoinsinthejar.So,onSomettialswetoldhershewouldreceivethemostmoney寺Rinawasaccurateinherestimates.Loandbehold,whenLeanorawasincentivizedtogiveRinatruthfuladvice,Leanoradid.ShecouldestimatethenumberofcoinsinajarperfectlywellShesimplychosenottodosowhenitwasnotadvantageousforher.WhileLeanorawasperformingthetask，werecordedherbrainactivity.Arfirst，partsofherbrainthatsignalemotion，suchasthesmallalmond-shapedregiondeepinthebraincalledtheamygdala,respondedstronglywhenshelied.Whywouldheramygdalabeactive”Well,likemostpeople，Leanorabelievedthat]yingwaswrongandSoeverytimeShelied，s

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heexperiencedanegativefeelingzTheamygdalaresponsewasaffectedbythemagnitudeofherlie,andthisresponsewasdetectedonjyinheremotionnetwork,notinotherbrainareas.Hereisthemostinterestingthing.Witheachadditionallieshetold，weobservedareductioninheramygdala\'sresponse一aformofhabituationtoherlying.Thegreaterthedropinherbrain\'ssensitivitytoherdishonestythemoresheliedthenexttimeshehadachance.IntheabsenceofthatuneasyfeelingPeopleusuallyexperiencewhentheyactimmorallytherewasnothingtocurbherdishonesty.Leanora\'sbehaviorwastypical.Examiningouvolunteers”datawefoundageneraleffect:astheresponseinthebrain\'semotionalsystemto]yingdecreased，theamountbywhichpeopleliedincreased.AttheendofthestudyweaskedLeanoraaboutherlying,andshesaidshewascompljletelyunawarethatherliesweresnowballing.Shehadhabituatedtoherliestosuchanextentthatshedidnotevennoticewhathadhappened.WHENEMOTIONSFADELet\'sthinkbacktothescenatriowePresentedtoyouintheintroduction.YouarewalkinghomeonedayandalargebrowndogwithsharpteethbarksatyoU，apparentlyinrage.Mostlikelyyouwillfeelagoodamountoffear.Thenextdayyoupassbythesamedog,andagainitSnarlsatyou.Onlythistimeyoudon\'tfeelasafraidasyoudidthedaybefore.Fast-forwardtoaweeklater,andyouhardlyexperienceanyemotionalreactiontothatdogsbarks.

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