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interventionswillgenerateclearnormsaboutwhatistolerableandwhatisn\'bbeforethingsgetugly.Intheworkplace，youmightwellbebettero企andavoidmuchbiggerProblemsbycreatinganatmospherewhereminusculelies(suchascheatingbyafewdollarsonexpenses)arenotacceptable.Thisishowwerunouownteams.Smalltransgressionsare_immediatelyaddressedinordertodeliveraclearmessage.Wedothistoavoidthepossibilityoflargertransgressions(forexample，Scientifticmisconduct)inthefuture，whichmayjleadtoseriousnegativeconsequences,notjusttothedishonestperson,buttootherPeoplewithinandoutsideourteam.Normsareoftenrigid:donotlie(ever)，donotSteal(ever)，donotbedisrespectfultowardyourparents(ever),donotrevealconfidentialinformation(ever),donotbreakyourPromises(ever).Therigidityofthenormsmayseemabitextreme,，butthatisthepoint.Theyensureanintenseemotionalreactionthatmakesitmoredifmcultforpeopletogetcomfortablewiththeirmoraltransgressions，OrdinaryjifeoftersmanyexamplesofthingsweconsideregregiousmoralWwWiongs,andwew训notdothosethings,even让therewouldbebenefitsfromdoingSo.Wewillnottakethefirststep.Aspossibleexamples，considerthefollowing:北e。Hovwmuchwouldyouhavetobepaidtoburnyournations人iag?。Hovwmuchwouldyouhavetobepaidtokickadoginthehead,hard，e。Hovwmuchwouldyouhavetobepaidtoslapyourmotherin

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theface?e。HowmuchwouldyouhavetobepaidtomakecruelremarkstoanoverweightpersonabouthisorherappPpearancey?Manypeoplesaythatnoamountofmoneywouldbeenough.Inawaythatseemasabsurd.Ifsomeonewouldpayyouafortunetoburnyournationsfag，youcouldusethemoneytohelppeopleinneed;youcouldevenusethemoneytopromotepatriotism(andtomakealotmorefags).Weareaghastatthethoughtofkickingadoginthehead,hard,andwearenotSurewhetherwecoulddoit(even让noonewouldeverseeorknowwedid),butwhat让theImonetaryrewardwouldsavethelivesofonehundreddogs,，ortenthousanddogs?Yougettheidea.Peoplethinkthatsometrade-offsaretabooandthatSomevaluesafe“protected”or“sacred”whichmeansthatpeoplewouldbereluctanttoviolate由emeven让therewardsfordoingsoarehighandpunishmentsnil18Indeed，Peoplereportintensenegativeemotionswhentheyareaskedtotradeofcertainvalues一as,forinstance,whentheyareaskedwhethertoincreaserisksofdeathtoSome(asinthecaseofexperimentalmedicaltreatments)intheinterestofdecreasingriskstomany.AmidtheCOVID-19pandemic，forexample，awell-knownbehavioralceconomistwashiredtoadvisehisgovernmentonhowtocombattheSpreadofthedisease.ITheeconomistSubmittedareportwithanunusualrecommendation:headvisedthegovernmenttoinfectanarmybasewiththeVirustocloselystudythespreadofthedisease,examinesymptoms,andquanti

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fythe_effectivenessofdiferentinterventions.工heeconomistalsosharedhisrecommendationwiththePress.了2Hisrationalewasthatwhileafewlivesmightbelosbmanymorewerelikelytobesavedfromtheknowledgegained.Neitherthegovernmentnorthecitizenswereimpressedithemajoritywereoutraged.Economiststendtothinkthatthewholeideaoftabootrade-offsisamysteryoraviolationofbasicrationajlity.But计wefocusonhabituation,，themysterymightstarttodissolve.A_socialnormagainsteverdoingXorYor忆,ensuringthatpeoplefeelashamedorterriblewhentheycontemplateXorYorZ,canStopPeoplefromstartingonapaththatcouldproduceharmandhorror.玉aculturehasastrongnormagainstjyingorcheating,suchthattheverythoughttriggersintensenegativeemotions,itmightprotectitselfagainstterriblethings.ThephilosopherBernardWilliamssuggestedthat计peoplethinkabouthowtomaximizeutilityinsomemoraldilemmas(SuchaswhethertoleapintotheStfeettosavea]ovedonej,theyarehaving“onethoughttoomany.”Inhisviewtheyshouldjustdotherightthing,withoutthinkingmuchaboutit.2Williamsmeanttomakeaphilosophicalpointaboutthefoundationsofmorality.Wedonotknow让hewasrighbbuthisclaimmakesacertainPsychologicalsense.mightwellbegood计Ppeoplejustthink“Iwillnotlie”ratherthan“Lyingisn\'tworthitintheparticujlarcircumstances,givenallrelevantcostsandbenefits.”

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