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本文节选自《Look Again 万维钢》电子版:
interventionswillgenerateclearnormsaboutwhatistolerableandwhatisn\'bbeforethingsgetugly.Intheworkplace,youmightwellbebettero企andavoidmuchbiggerProblemsbycreatinganatmospherewhereminusculelies(suchascheatingbyafewdollarsonexpenses)arenotacceptable.Thisishowwerunouownteams.Smalltransgressionsare_immediatelyaddressedinordertodeliveraclearmessage.Wedothistoavoidthepossibilityoflargertransgressions(forexample,Scientifticmisconduct)inthefuture,whichmayjleadtoseriousnegativeconsequences,notjusttothedishonestperson,buttootherPeoplewithinandoutsideourteam.Normsareoftenrigid:donotlie(ever),donotSteal(ever),donotbedisrespectfultowardyourparents(ever),donotrevealconfidentialinformation(ever),donotbreakyourPromises(ever).Therigidityofthenormsmayseemabitextreme,,butthatisthepoint.Theyensureanintenseemotionalreactionthatmakesitmoredifmcultforpeopletogetcomfortablewiththeirmoraltransgressions,OrdinaryjifeoftersmanyexamplesofthingsweconsideregregiousmoralWwWiongs,andwew训notdothosethings,even让therewouldbebenefitsfromdoingSo.Wewillnottakethefirststep.Aspossibleexamples,considerthefollowing:北e。Hovwmuchwouldyouhavetobepaidtoburnyournations人iag?。Hovwmuchwouldyouhavetobepaidtokickadoginthehead,hard,e。Hovwmuchwouldyouhavetobepaidtoslapyourmotherin
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theface?e。HowmuchwouldyouhavetobepaidtomakecruelremarkstoanoverweightpersonabouthisorherappPpearancey?Manypeoplesaythatnoamountofmoneywouldbeenough.Inawaythatseemasabsurd.Ifsomeonewouldpayyouafortunetoburnyournationsfag,youcouldusethemoneytohelppeopleinneed;youcouldevenusethemoneytopromotepatriotism(andtomakealotmorefags).Weareaghastatthethoughtofkickingadoginthehead,hard,andwearenotSurewhetherwecoulddoit(even让noonewouldeverseeorknowwedid),butwhat让theImonetaryrewardwouldsavethelivesofonehundreddogs,,ortenthousanddogs?Yougettheidea.Peoplethinkthatsometrade-offsaretabooandthatSomevaluesafe“protected”or“sacred”whichmeansthatpeoplewouldbereluctanttoviolate由emeven让therewardsfordoingsoarehighandpunishmentsnil18Indeed,Peoplereportintensenegativeemotionswhentheyareaskedtotradeofcertainvalues一as,forinstance,whentheyareaskedwhethertoincreaserisksofdeathtoSome(asinthecaseofexperimentalmedicaltreatments)intheinterestofdecreasingriskstomany.AmidtheCOVID-19pandemic,forexample,awell-knownbehavioralceconomistwashiredtoadvisehisgovernmentonhowtocombattheSpreadofthedisease.ITheeconomistSubmittedareportwithanunusualrecommendation:headvisedthegovernmenttoinfectanarmybasewiththeVirustocloselystudythespreadofthedisease,examinesymptoms,andquanti
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fythe_effectivenessofdiferentinterventions.工heeconomistalsosharedhisrecommendationwiththePress.了2Hisrationalewasthatwhileafewlivesmightbelosbmanymorewerelikelytobesavedfromtheknowledgegained.Neitherthegovernmentnorthecitizenswereimpressedithemajoritywereoutraged.Economiststendtothinkthatthewholeideaoftabootrade-offsisamysteryoraviolationofbasicrationajlity.But计wefocusonhabituation,,themysterymightstarttodissolve.A_socialnormagainsteverdoingXorYor忆,ensuringthatpeoplefeelashamedorterriblewhentheycontemplateXorYorZ,canStopPeoplefromstartingonapaththatcouldproduceharmandhorror.玉aculturehasastrongnormagainstjyingorcheating,suchthattheverythoughttriggersintensenegativeemotions,itmightprotectitselfagainstterriblethings.ThephilosopherBernardWilliamssuggestedthat计peoplethinkabouthowtomaximizeutilityinsomemoraldilemmas(SuchaswhethertoleapintotheStfeettosavea]ovedonej,theyarehaving“onethoughttoomany.”Inhisviewtheyshouldjustdotherightthing,withoutthinkingmuchaboutit.2Williamsmeanttomakeaphilosophicalpointaboutthefoundationsofmorality.Wedonotknow让hewasrighbbuthisclaimmakesacertainPsychologicalsense.mightwellbegood计Ppeoplejustthink“Iwillnotlie”ratherthan“Lyingisn\'tworthitintheparticujlarcircumstances,givenallrelevantcostsandbenefits.”
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