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本文节选自《Look Again 万维钢》电子版:
ManyyearsagoIalifoundherselfavictimofthetruthbias.IaliwasastudentlivingincentralLondon.Shewouldoftensubletherapartmentwhiletravelingabroadtoconferencesandworkshops.OneeveningshereturnedfromaweeklongtriptoDC,,whereshedattendedaconference.Exhaustedfromthelong伍ghbshewaseagertotakeashowerandgetStraighttobed.Alas,whenshetriedtounlockthedoor,herkeyswouldnotft.“Ihatsstrange,”shethoughbandtriedagain,buttonoavail.Hersurpriseturnedtoalarmwhensheheardvoicesfrominsideherapartment:“CAelarCeAwomaninherthirtiesopenedthedooracigaretteinonehandandaglassofwhitewineintheother:9227Thenextmomentsarenowabitofablur,butIaliexplained,,perhapsnotcalmlythatthiswasherapartmentandwhothehellwerethey?“AhalWewerewaitingforyou”saidthewoman,inathickItalianaccent.TheItaliancouplehadrentedtheapartmentfromIalissubletter,whotoldthemthePlacewashisandtheycouldhaveitforsixmonths一ftrstandlastmonth\'srentUPfronbPlease.Adayaftertheymovedin,aSpanishmaninhisfiftiesshowedupwithSuitcasesandkeys.Hetoohadrentedtheapartmentfromthesubletterandpaidthefirstandlastmonth\'srentUpfront.The“owner”wasnolongeransweringemailsofphonecalls,sothethreewenttothepojlice.Theyrealizedthe“owner”wasafraudsterandtheyhad,unfortunately,beenscammed.TIheywerenotquitesurewhenor计therightfulownerwoul
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dreturn,sotheyhaddecidedtoStayinthefatforthetimebeing,changingthelocksincaseothersattemptedtomovein,Thatsamenight,theItaliansmovedoutandIalisleptwithasofashovedupagainstthedoor.Thenextmorning,shediscoveredmanyofherbelongingshadvanished.Thescammertookvaluablessuchasalaptopandacameraand,,evenmoredevastatinglypersonalitemssuchasclothesDVDs(yes,thiswasawhileago),books,andcanvaspaintings.AsIalilookedback,theclueswerenotsubtle.ThescammernevercamebytoViewthefat.“Ionlyneeditforafewhourshereandtherebetweenmeetingsinthecity”hesaid.WhenJIaliwarnedhimthattheshowerwasnotworkingwell(Britishplumbing),heclaimedhewasnotPlanningonwashing.(Men,”thoughtIali.)Theguypaidincash,whichheinsistedonhandingtoIaliat9:30p.m.inanalleythatwas(conveniently)unjlitsoIalicouldnotmakeouthisfacialfeatures,ThedefaultassumptionoftruthissorobustthatitcanoverfideStrongcluesoflying.Ialididhaveabadgutfeeling,especiallywhilestandinginthedarkalleyexchangingkeysforcash,butthosefeelingsweredismissedinfavorofthedefault.Studiesshowthatevenwheninformationisdiscredited(asintheChesterfieldcase)orexpjlicitlysaidtobefalse,wemaystillrelyonittoguideouUrTchoices.如IsthisthecaseevenwhenyouIprofessionis,bydeftnition,toUncoverthetruth,Tofindoutagroupofresearchersheadedbyascholarbyt
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henameofMyrtoPantazirecruitedexperiencedjudgesandgavetheminformationoncriminaldefendantsintwolegalcases.<Thejudgeswereexplicitlytoldthatsomeofthisinformationwasfalse.TheywerethenaskedtoassesshowdangerousthedefendantswereandtocomeUPwithappropriatePrisonterms.Wouldthejudgesadequatelydiscountinformationthattheyweretoldwasfalse,Theansweristhattheydidnot.Whentheyreceivednegativeinformationaboutthedefendant,theywereinfuencedbyit,evenwhentheyhadbeenexpjlicitlyinformedthatitwasnottrue.Thatsnotall.Theyalsotendedtomisrememberfalseevidenceasbeingtrue,andtheydidsomoreoftenthantheyrememberedtrue_evidenceasbeingfalse.Amazingly,even让youareanexperiencedjudge,falseinformationabouta_criminaldefendantmightwellaffectyourconclusions一evenwhenyouareexplicitlytolditisfalse.INCENTIVIZEACCURACYThecombinationofthetruthbiasandtheeasier,truthierheuristiccanmakeusvulnerabletomisinformation,fakenews,andscams.Butknowledgeofthesebiasesandheuristicsalsogivesuspower.Wecannotovertridethem,astheyarewellingrainedinthearchitectureofourbrains,butonceweareawareofthem,wecanputpoliciesinplacetoProtectourselves.FollowingteLondonincident,Talididthoroughbackgroundchecksbeforecommittingtoanysizabletransaction.Moreaggressivefalsehood-counteringpoliciesshouldbeputin
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