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Ithasbeenfoundoutsidetheljaboratorywithmembersofthegeneralpublic.<Ithasbeenfoundwithshortratherthanljongintervalsbetweenrepetitions.3Ithasbeenfoundwithfactualstatementsofverydifterentkinds一historicalevents，geographyscience,politics,art，literature.2Youmightbewondering让everyoneisvulnerabletothe计iusorytrutheffect.Surelysomeofusarenbyoumightthink.Doprofessors，scientists，engineers，teachers,journaljists,，acrobats,andastronautsall人fallforit?Theanswerisyes.Youmightexpectthattheeffectwouldbereducedamongpeoplewhorelyonanalyticalratherthanintuitivethinking一andwholiketothinkintermsofnumbersanddata.Butyouwouldbewrong:anajlyticalthinkersarenotjlesssubjecttotheeffect.OryoumightthinkthatyoungpeoplewouldbeespeciallyPronetothe订usorytrutheffect一ofrperhapsoldpeoplewouldbeespeciallyPronetoit.Wrongagain.YoungpeopleandoldpeopleareequallyPronetoif.Oryoumightpredictthatpeoplewithalotofcognitiveability(e.g.,Peoplewhoscorewellongeneralintelligencetests,andwhocanprocessinformationeasilyandwelli)wouldbelesslikelytofallpreytoit.IThatpredictionwouldalsobewrong.Oryoumightpredictthatpeoplewithahighneedfor“cognitiveclosure，whowantfirm,clearanswerstoquestions,wouldbeespeciallylikelytoshovwtheeffect.Butthattoowouldbewrong.Theillusorytrutheftectappearstobeafeatureofallminds一brightordul，freshorw

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rtinkled.8Thereisoneexception,，though一peoplewithAlzheimer\'sdiseaseseemnottobeaftectedasmuchbyrepetition.:ThisisProbablybecause由eyhavenomemoryofwhattheypreviouslyheard.FAMILIAR,TRUTHIERLet\'snotoverstatethesefindings.YouareUnjikejlytobelievefalsestatements让youareconfidentthattheyarefalse.开youarerepeatedlytoldthattheearthisfatorthattheHolocaustneverhappened，youarenotnecessarilygoingtobelieveeitherofthosestatementseven让youhearthemrepeatedly(althoughSomepeopledo).Thepointissimplythatrepetitioncanmakepeoplethinkthatapropositionismorelikelytobetrue,whetherornotitis一so让Someonewantstoconvinceyouofafalsehood,statingitoverandover,andthenoncemore，mightactuallydothetrick.(Hitlerknewthatbandsodosomecommentatorsontelevision，andSodosome“infuencers”onsocialmedia.)Iheinterestingquestionis:Why?Theansweristhatrepetitioncreatesafeelingoffamiliarity，AndwhenSomethingsoundsfamiliar,youassumeitistrue.Thisisbecauseinjlifeafeelingoffamiliarityisoften(rightly)associatedwithtruth,andafeelingofsurpriseisoften(rightly)associatedwithimplausibility.Imagine,forexample,thatwetoldyouthatweownarainbow-coloredcatthatspeaksSwedish.IoPutitmildlyyouWouldfeelywuzpzzxed.Thatfeelingisagoodindicatorthatsomethingisnotrightandthatyoushouldslowdownandcarefujlyconsiderthestatement.了Youwouldthenjikelycompar

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ethestatementtoyourexistingknowledge一catsarerarelycolorfulandcommunicateonlywithmeows一whichwouldleadtotheconclusionthatourStatementislikelyfalselAllthishappensinasplitsecond.Youarenotevenawareofit.Now寺wetoldyouweownedabrowncatthatmeowswhenhewantstoeabwewouldproduceacomfortablefeelingoffamiliarity.Thatfeelingw记iltranslateto“Yeah,soundsaboutright.”Whenyouhaveheardastatementmanytimesbefore,youtakeitforgrantedandrespondtoitless一youarehabituatedtoit.Itdoesnotproducesurprise.ButwhenyouhearanunfamiliarStatement,youfeeljarredandsoyouquestion让.ItmakessensetobeincjinedtobelieveastatementthatsoundsfamiliarandtobeskepticalwhenastatementsoundsSurprising，Ingeneral，familiar-soundingstatements27emorelikelytobetrue.Thisisbecauseyouhaveheardfamiliarstatementsfromdifterentsources一maybefromyourmomandyourfriendEllen,andonthenews.开althesepeopleagree,thenthestatementislikelycorrect(youmightreasonablythinjo).Soa“familiar,truthier”heuristicisnotbad.Theproblemariseswhenuntruthsbecomefamiliarduetorepetition，eitherbecausepeoplehavethewrongideaorbecausetheyaretryingtospreadfalseinformation.ThesourceoftheProblemisthatyourbrainisPrettygoodatindicating“Iheardthisbefore”(i.e.,thisis“familiar”),butnotasgoodatrememberingwhereyouheardthisbefore,fromwhom,andinwhatcoOntext.芋Storingallthatextra

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