Look Again 【再看一眼】 pdf 百度网盘(《Look Again 万维钢》mobi)

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由elowestvoltage.Aftertestingit，youagreethatitsnotthatbad.So，theexperimentbegins!Youprovideyourstudentwiththefirsttestwordovertheintercom:“Breadsticks.”Ihestudentanswerscorfrectlymy“Fishfngers.”YouProvidethesecondword:“Windfall.”“Dinosaur,”triesthestudent.ThatswrongsothereseafrcherinstructsyoUutopressabuttontodeliveranelectricshockofthelowestvoltage.Witheachadditionalmistakethestudentmakes,youmustrampUpthevoltagebyfifteenvolts:30,45,60,75.At75youhearsmallgruntsfromtheotherroom，butyoucontinue:90，105，120.Atthatpointthestudentshouts，At150thestudentcriesou“Experimenter,getmeoutofherelIwon\'tbeintheexperimentanymore!lIrefusetogoonl”At180theStudentblurts“Ican\'tstandthepain.”At270thestudentscreamsandat300refusestoanswWerquestions.After330theStudentcannotbeheardanymore.Atwhichpointdoyoustopdeliveringshocks?Asyoumayhavenoticed,thescenarioabovemimicsthefamousseriesofexperimentsconductedin1961byYalepsychologistStanleyMilgram.deMilgram\'

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s“student”wasaconfederatewotkingforMilgram.InhisinitialexperimentMilgramreportedthat65percentofparticipantswentUptoa450-voltshock，whichwastwostepsbeyondDANGER:SEVERESHOCK.Inalaterexperiment62percentoftheparticipantswenttothemaximumlevel.MilgramsParticipantswereunjikelytobeoutliers，ITheycamefromarangeofoccupations，includingengineers，highschoolteachers，andPostalcjlerks.Thoughtheyonlyincludedmen,thebasicfndingsweregenerallyreplicatedin2009(withonlyslightlylowerobediencerates)inbothmenandwomen.世Milgram\'sgoalwastounderstandtheriseofauthoritarianism，asclearlydisplayedinGermanyduringWorldWarII.Hewantedtostudyobedienceandto_understandhowPeoplecouldParticipateinhorribleacts，Indeed，hisexperimentstellussomethingimportantaboutobedience.ButintentionallyorUnintentionallywMilgramwasalsostudyinghabituation.Imagine让Milgramhadaskedhisvolunteerstodeliverthemaximumvoltageattheverybeginning.Howmanypeoplewouldcomply”Wesuspectthenumberswouldhave

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beenmuchlower.Byaskingthe“teachers”toupthevoltageoneStepatatime,fromAtoBtoCtoD，Milgramwasinducinghabituation.TheteachersmayhavefeltsomeguiltatStepA(whenprovidingafifteen-voltshock)，butthatguiltsubsidedwitheveryadditionalshockadministered.BythetimetheteachersreachedStepD(thehighvoltage)theyhadadaptedtotheideaandguiltofcausinganotherpersondreadfulpain.ProvidingshocksinacontrolledlaboratoryatYaleisafarcryfromParticipatingin(orobserving)genocide,butwesuspectthatasimilarPrinciplePlaysaroleinboth.Whenhorrorsstartsmallandincreasegraduallytheyelicitaweakeremotionalreaction,lessresistance,andmoreacceptance,allowinglargerandlargerhorrorstoplayoutinbroaddaylight.Awarenessofthisphenomenonmayenablemorepeopletoforeseewhatiscomingandtotakeactionintime.LISectionsofthischaprterareadapted{区omC.R.Sunstein,70zrxNotNozaalTePotticroEoermyaayExjectatzo1rx(YaleUniversityPress,2021),andC.R.Sunstein“ItCanHappenHere)”Nem也MEReozewoBoobyJune28,2018.

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