Look Again 万维钢.pdf(Look Again 万维钢 pdf)

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expectationsmeannonegativepredictionerrors，whichmeansthatbadconditionsdailymaygoUnnoticed.LOWEXPECTATIONSPeople\'spreferencesadapttowhatisavailable.SocialtheoristsJonElsterzandAmartyaSenlurefertothisastheProblemof“adaptivePreferences”:计youcannothaveSomething，youmightendupnotwantingitatall.Empiricalevidencesupportstheclaimthatpeopleadapttodeprivation.IncountrieswherePeoplehavelessfreedom,freedommatters/eswrtopeopleswell-beingbecausetheydon\'texpecttohaveit.开Theymayhavelessautonomy，butbecauseofhabituationtheymightbeabletomaintainareasonablelevelofwelfare.IncomeaftectshappinesstheleastinAfricawhichisalsothePoorestcontinentonearth，partlybecauseinAfricacitizenshavelowerexpectations.了InAfghanistan，wherecrimeandcorruptionareamongthehighestintheworld，crimeandcorruptionaffectpeople\'swell-beingtheleast.孔Tobeclear，peopleinAfghanistanarenotjoyous.Povertyinsecuritwandpoljiticalinstabilityhavetakentheirtoll.Thecountryranksatthebottomoftheworld\'slistinhappiness.荆Yet计youmovedtoAfghanistantomorrowmorning，wesuspectthatyouwouldbemuchlesshappythantheaveragecitizenthere.Afghancitizenshave,tosomeextent,habituatedtotheircircumstancesandhol

Look Again 【再看一眼】mobi

dlowexpectations,，justasthecircuselephantadqaptedtohis.You，bycontrasbhavejlikelygrownaccustomedtorunningwater,sufcientfood,andasenseofSecurity.TIhelackofanyofthesew记produceanegativepredictionerror，onethatwilljikelyshakeyoutothecore.Youmaybethinking“Okay，greatletsjustalllowerourexpectationsandlivehappilyeverafter.”Itshardlythatsimple.LowexpectationscanleadtoabigProblem:youmightstopfghtingthesuboptimalconditions(orPerhapsneverevenbegin).InElsterswords，“adaptivepreferenceshavebothanumbingeffectandaparalyzingeffect:theyalleviatethepainwhilealsobluntinganyurgetoact.213Youmightstayinarelationshiporajobthatislessthanidqealornottrytoalteritforthebetter.YoumayacceptyouUrweakmusclesinsteadofhittingthegymorhabituatetoconstantbackpaininsteadofseeingadoctor.DatashowsthatthedemandforbetterheajlthcareisoftenorerinSocietiesthatneedimprovementthemostcomparedtothosethathaveexcellentcare.1eThisisbecausepeopleinnationswithjlessthanwonderfulhealthcareSystemshabituate;theyexpectless，Sotheymightbesatisffed，ornotbehorriblydissatisffed，withasystemthatwouldfrustrateandShockpeopleinothernations.SowhileunmetexpectationscauseUnhappiness，uUnhap

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pinessmightbenecessaryforchange.Andoncechangehappens，happinesscanberegained.Let\'stakegenderinequalityasanexample.Atfirstimprovingopportunitiesandexpectationsforwomenloweredfemalehappiness，butonceconditionsimprovedbeyondacertainpoinbtheywereassociatedwithhappinessgains.蕊Therelationshipbetweenwomen\'sfreedomandwell-beingisU-shaped.Initialgainsinwomen\'srightsappearedtoproducereductionsinself-esteemandhappinessbecauseexpectationsweremismatchedwithreajity.Yebaswomenssocialconditionscontinuedtoimprove，andreajitystartedtocatchUPwithexpectations,well-beingincreased.InnoPlaceonearthdowomenhaveopportunitiesequaltomen\'s.Wedonotknow寺insuchasocietywomenw刘beashappywiththeirlivesasmenare.WemaynotlivetoseeSuchasocietyourselves(thousandsofyearsofopPressiontakeawhiletoreverse),butweliketothinkthat计andwhenitdoeshappen,thehappinessgapw训disapPear.BREAKINGTHECHAINSTheobviousconundrumisthatnomovementaimedatbreakingchainscouldeveroOCCUI让habituationwereuniversalandcomplete.Ifitwere,theconditionswouldbesettledforalltime.OneofGeorgeOrwellscharactersPutitchillinglyin7984“IfyouwantaPictureofthefuture,imagineabootStampingonahuman包ce一forever.218

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