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本文节选自《Look Again 万维钢》电子版:
Mayerdidnotbringupanti-Semitismwithanyofhissubjects,butafterafewmeetings,eachofthemdidsoonhisown,andtheyreturnedtoitconstantly.Whenthelocalsynagoguewasburnedin1938,mostofthecommunityfeltonjyoneobligation:\"72ot加zatezfexe.“EventuallyMayerShowedhisfriendsanissueofthelocalnewspaper,fromNovember11,1938,whichcontainedareport:“IntheinterestoftheirownsecurityanumberofmaleJewsweretakenintocustodyyesterday.TIhismorningtheyweresentawayfromthecity”NoneofMayersfriendsrememberedseeingitborindeedanythinglikeit.Withevidentfatigue,thebakerreported“Onehadnotimetothink.TherewasSOmuchgoingon.”HisaccounttrackedthatofMayerscolleague,aGermanPhilologistinthecountryatthetime,whoemphasizedthedevastatinglyincrementalnatureofthedescentintotyrannyandsaid“Wehadnotimetothinkaboutthesedreadfulthingsthatweregrowing,littlebylittle,allaroundus.”Thephilologistpointedtoaregimebentondivertingitspeople,throughendlessself-celebrationsanddramas(ofteninvolvingrealorimaginedenemies),and\"thegradualhabituationofthepeople,littlebylittle.”Inhisaccountb“EachStepwasSosmall,Soinconsequential,Sowellexplained,or,onoccasion,SOregretted,”thatpeoplecouldnomoreseeitdevelopingfromday-to-daythanafarmerinhisfieldseesthecorngrowing.Onedayitisoverhishead.加THEAUTOMATICCONTINUATIONOFORDINARYLIFEFocusinglar
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gelyon1933,Haffneroffersacomplementarypicture.Justtwenty-fiveyearsoldinthatyearandStudyinglawwiththegoalofbecomingajudgeoranadministrator,Haftnerdescribeshowhishigh-spiritedfriendsandfellowStudentswerepreoccupiedwithfun,careerProspects,andloveaffairs.Someaggressiveactions,aimedatpoljiticaldissenters,startedearlybutcitizensWereSimultaneouslydistractedbyanendlessstreamoffestivitiesandcelebrations.Peoplefirted,enjoyedromance,“wenttothecinema,hadamealinasmallwinebar,drankChiantiandwentdancingtogether.”Ihis“automaticcontinuationofordinarylife”promotedhabituationandhinderedanyorganized,forcefulreactionagainstthehorror.2InHaftner\'stelling,thecollapseoffreedomandtheruleoflawoccurredinincrements,Ssomeofwhichseemedrelativelyinsignifticant.Germanydidnotturnonadime.Haftnerbelievedthat,eventhoughthefullmeasureofNazismunfoldedovertime,itstruenaturewasevidentandknowntoSomeGermansfromtheverystart一thoughtheydidnotknowwhatitwouldeventuallydo.ThepointholdsaswellforthereactionsofJewsthemselves.In1933,whenNaziofcersstoodmenacinglyoutsideJewishshops,Jewsweremerely“offended.”Notworriedoranxious.Just“offended.”Itisreasonabletothinkthatfeelingmereoffense一unaccompaniedbyworryofanxietyletaloneterror一wasareasonableinitialreaction.Still,HaftnerarguesthatHitlersbrutality,an
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dthecomingpoliticizationofeverydaylife,wascjleartoSomefromtheoutset.Intheearlydaysofhisregime,aself-styledrepublicanadvisedHaffnertoavoidskepticalcommentsbecausetheywereofnoUse:“IthinkIknowthefascistsbertterthanyou.Werepublicansmusthow]lwiththewolves.210Booksstartedtodisappearfrombookshopsandlibraries.JournalsandnewspapersslowlydisappearedaswelLandthosethatremainedkepttothePartyline.Asearlyas1933,GermanswhorefusedtobecomeNazisfoundthemselves“inaftendishsituation:itwasoneofcompleteandunalleviatedhop[ejlessness;youweredailysubjectedtoinsultsandhumiliation.2EACHACTISWORSETHANTHELASTLBUTONLYALITTLEPreciselybecauseofthefine-grained,evenintimatenatureoftheiraccounts,MayerandHaftnerspeakdirectlytothoseconcernedaboutwhatmakeslibertyanddemocracyvulnerable.Wecan\'tknowwhethertobelieveMayer\'ssubjectswhentheyclaimedignoranceofwhatHiteractuallydid.Mayerisn\'tsureeither.Butthesubjectsareconvincingwhentheysaythatwhathappenedwasaformofslowhabituation,OneoftheGermancitizenstowhomMayerSpokesaid,“Eachact,eachoccasion,isworsethantheljasbbutonjyalittleworse.…Ithejastandwortstactofthewholeregimehadcomeimmediatelyaftertheftrstandsmallest,由ousands,yes,millionswouldhavebeensufhicientlyshocked.…Butofcoursethisisn\'tthewayithappens.Inbetweencomeallthehundredsoflittlesteps,
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