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本文节选自《Look Again 万维钢》电子版:
expectit.Onemoretime:wenoticewhatissurprisinganddifferent,butglossoverwhatisthesameandanticipated.Andheretheproblemjlies:wecannotworktochangewhatwedonotperceive.Untilsomeonecomesalongandmakeswhatisinfrontofusclearandsalient.THEGENTLEJEWAfewdecadesago,CasswasinvitedtogotoSouthAfrica,toadvisesomemembersoftheall-whiteapartheidgovernmentaboutapossibleconstitutionforapostapartheidnation.Casshadsometrepidationaboutacceptingtheinvitation,butbeforedoingSo,hewasassuredthatthosewhowereinvolvedwereStronglyinfavorofracialequajityandthattheyhopedtohelpdesignaconstitutionthatwouldeliminatethelegacyofapartheid.Duringhisvisit,CassgotalongparticujlarlywellwithoneoftheSouthAfricanjudges,aleaderoftheefort,whowasSharp,learned,andamiable.Casslikedthejudge,andthejudgeseemedtolikehim.Atthefinaldinner,andafterafewdrinks,thejudgerepeatedCassslastnameaboutsixtimes,withwhatseemedtobemilddispleasureandperhapsalittleconfusion:“9Sunstein,Sunstein,Sunstein,Sunstein,Sunstein,Sunstein.”Cassthoughtthatwaspeculiarandperhapsnotentirelyfriendly,、WhatwasSointerestingabouthisjastnameyHelookedatthejudgequizzically.Thejudgepausedandthensaid,“WehaveaJewonourcourt.WecallhimtheGentleJew.”CasswasStartledbythisstatement.Thejudgemeanttobeamusing;hehadnoide
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athathisutterancemightseemoddorinappropriate.Lookingaroundthetable,CassimmediatelynoticedthatnooneelseatthedinnerSeemedtotakenoteoftheincidentboreventothinkthattherehadbeenanincident.Casswasquitecertainthatthistypeofbehaviorwouldhavecausedareactioninhisowncountry.Butwhatisunusualandattention-grabbinginonecultureisoftenunnoticeableinanother.Normschangeacrosstimeandplace.Certainactsandcommentsw计standoutinonecultureordecade,butnotinanother.Wehabituatetothenormsthatwelivewith.IransportingourselvesfromonePlacetoanother,orfromonedecadetoanother(forexample,whenwatchingoldflms),enablesustoseewhatothersinthatplaceandperioddonot.Forexample,smokingisfineandcoolinsometimesandplaces,andevenromantic,butinothertimesandPlaces,让signalsthatyoudonotcareaboutyourselforothers.Peoplegethabituatedtothepresenceofsmokers,andthentheygetdishabituated.InsomecountriesthewordpozzoiscommonlyusedtodescribeagayPerson.Peopleinthosecountriesdonotpausewhentheyhearitoruseitandmostarecompletelyunawarethatinotherplacesitisconsideredaslurandrarelyused.于acitizenofthelattercoUntrytravelstotheformerandhearstheslur,thePersonwillbejarredandprobablyrespondnegatively.Whetherwew刘,orw训not,PperceivesomethingtobediscriminatorydependsonwhatweareUsedtoinourenvir
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onment,butitmayalsodependonwhichsideofthefenceweareon一onegrouporanother.AbouttenyeafrsagoTaliwasataSciencemeetingwithaboutadozenpeople.A_maleprofessorWaschairingthemeeting.Heturnedtoafemalestudentandmentionedthathehadheardthroughthegrapevinethatshehadreceivedaninvitationtogiveatalkconsideredprestigious.Heasked,“Didtheyinviteyousoyoucouldparadeinaminiskirtonstage?”Thecommentwasmadeljoudandclear,yetitdidnotseem由atanyonetooknote.Themeetingcontinuedasusual.NotSolongago,suchcommentswerenotaltogetherunusual,MaleProfessorswouldoftencommentontheappearanceofwomenscientists.Onewoman,aninvitedspeaker,,wasljabeled“ratherlarge”andanother“quitehot.”“Howareyouabletositbesideherandconcentrate?”aprofessoronceaskedamalestudentreferringtothestudentsfemalementor.LaterIaliemailedtheprofessorfromthesciencemeeting,whoimmediatelyissuedanapology一inretrospecthecouldseetheproblem.Ialialsoaskedhercolleagueswhowereinattendance,almostallmen,abouttheincident.Somedidnotnoticeitothersdidnotthinkitwasofmuchimportance.Suchcommentsoccurreddailyandsoitwasnothingunusual.Theoneotherpersonwhodidtakeoffensewasafemalecolleague.Whichleadsustoaninterestingquestion一dothosewhoaresubjectedtobiashabituatetoitless?Iowhatextentaretheymorelikelytoperceiveit?
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