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expectit.Onemoretime:wenoticewhatissurprisinganddifferent,butglossoverwhatisthesameandanticipated.Andheretheproblemjlies:wecannotworktochangewhatwedonotperceive.Untilsomeonecomesalongandmakeswhatisinfrontofusclearandsalient.THEGENTLEJEWAfewdecadesago，CasswasinvitedtogotoSouthAfrica，toadvisesomemembersoftheall-whiteapartheidgovernmentaboutapossibleconstitutionforapostapartheidnation.Casshadsometrepidationaboutacceptingtheinvitation，butbeforedoingSo，hewasassuredthatthosewhowereinvolvedwereStronglyinfavorofracialequajityandthattheyhopedtohelpdesignaconstitutionthatwouldeliminatethelegacyofapartheid.Duringhisvisit，CassgotalongparticujlarlywellwithoneoftheSouthAfricanjudges,aleaderoftheefort,whowasSharp,learned,andamiable.Casslikedthejudge,andthejudgeseemedtolikehim.Atthefinaldinner,andafterafewdrinks,thejudgerepeatedCassslastnameaboutsixtimes，withwhatseemedtobemilddispleasureandperhapsalittleconfusion:“9Sunstein，Sunstein，Sunstein，Sunstein，Sunstein，Sunstein.”Cassthoughtthatwaspeculiarandperhapsnotentirelyfriendly，、WhatwasSointerestingabouthisjastnameyHelookedatthejudgequizzically.Thejudgepausedandthensaid,“WehaveaJewonourcourt.WecallhimtheGentleJew.”CasswasStartledbythisstatement.Thejudgemeanttobeamusing;hehadnoide

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athathisutterancemightseemoddorinappropriate.Lookingaroundthetable，CassimmediatelynoticedthatnooneelseatthedinnerSeemedtotakenoteoftheincidentboreventothinkthattherehadbeenanincident.Casswasquitecertainthatthistypeofbehaviorwouldhavecausedareactioninhisowncountry.Butwhatisunusualandattention-grabbinginonecultureisoftenunnoticeableinanother.Normschangeacrosstimeandplace.Certainactsandcommentsw计standoutinonecultureordecade,butnotinanother.Wehabituatetothenormsthatwelivewith.IransportingourselvesfromonePlacetoanother，orfromonedecadetoanother(forexample,whenwatchingoldflms),enablesustoseewhatothersinthatplaceandperioddonot.Forexample,smokingisfineandcoolinsometimesandplaces,andevenromantic，butinothertimesandPlaces,让signalsthatyoudonotcareaboutyourselforothers.Peoplegethabituatedtothepresenceofsmokers,andthentheygetdishabituated.InsomecountriesthewordpozzoiscommonlyusedtodescribeagayPerson.Peopleinthosecountriesdonotpausewhentheyhearitoruseitandmostarecompletelyunawarethatinotherplacesitisconsideredaslurandrarelyused.于acitizenofthelattercoUntrytravelstotheformerandhearstheslur,thePersonwillbejarredandprobablyrespondnegatively.Whetherwew刘，orw训not，PperceivesomethingtobediscriminatorydependsonwhatweareUsedtoinourenvir

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onment,butitmayalsodependonwhichsideofthefenceweareon一onegrouporanother.AbouttenyeafrsagoTaliwasataSciencemeetingwithaboutadozenpeople.A_maleprofessorWaschairingthemeeting.Heturnedtoafemalestudentandmentionedthathehadheardthroughthegrapevinethatshehadreceivedaninvitationtogiveatalkconsideredprestigious.Heasked，“Didtheyinviteyousoyoucouldparadeinaminiskirtonstage?”Thecommentwasmadeljoudandclear,yetitdidnotseem由atanyonetooknote.Themeetingcontinuedasusual.NotSolongago，suchcommentswerenotaltogetherunusual，MaleProfessorswouldoftencommentontheappearanceofwomenscientists.Onewoman,aninvitedspeaker,，wasljabeled“ratherlarge”andanother“quitehot.”“Howareyouabletositbesideherandconcentrate?”aprofessoronceaskedamalestudentreferringtothestudentsfemalementor.LaterIaliemailedtheprofessorfromthesciencemeeting,whoimmediatelyissuedanapology一inretrospecthecouldseetheproblem.Ialialsoaskedhercolleagueswhowereinattendance,almostallmen,abouttheincident.Somedidnotnoticeitothersdidnotthinkitwasofmuchimportance.Suchcommentsoccurreddailyandsoitwasnothingunusual.Theoneotherpersonwhodidtakeoffensewasafemalecolleague.Whichleadsustoaninterestingquestion一dothosewhoaresubjectedtobiashabituatetoitless?Iowhatextentaretheymorelikelytoperceiveit?

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